air pollution is a significant environmental challenge that has been constantly increasing over recent years and public awareness and concern about its impacts on human health and ecosystems have been grown. air pollution can originate from natural sources or human activities and it has serious effects on human health, including respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, and also harms the environment. This research focuses on air pollution governance and organizational network analysis in implementing clean air laws. Therefore, government and non-governmental entities related to the clean air laws have been identified and their relationships modeled using information extraction and natural language processing methods. Then, a network of relationships among these entities is constructed, and various network indicators were used to analyze the characteristics and properties of the network. Moreover, centrality measures were utilized to measure the micro-level features of the network. Lastly, the governance regime of air pollution based on clean air laws is examined using network density and concentration indicators. The results indicate that the network density index estimated a very low level of cooperation, coordination, and organizational coherence with an 8% rate. Additionally, the network in-degree centralization index at a the rate of 57.22% suggests a high concentration of power within the organization sector. In this manner, the governance system of air pollution in Iran appears to be both centralized and disorganized, with a lack of coordination and cooperation between different sectors evident in the organizational network. More importantly, the actions of the clean air law are not implemented without collaboration with others, and the air pollution governance system is inefficient. To improve this system, multiple measures are needed, including enhancing monitoring, promoting collaboration and resource allocation, raising public awareness, and ensuring necessary resources. Additionally, all organizations and society should collaborate in reducing air pollution to achieve a significant improvement in air quality and environmental protection.

air pollution is one of the most important environmental problems affecting urban population with significant global, national and local consequences. Therefore, to guarantee the right of citizens to clean air, criminal fines and penalties have been set forth in order to confront and punish the transgressors. This study aimed to discuss and analyze the penalties for air pollution violations. In this study, the legal conception of air pollution and the right to clean air are discussed first, and then the Iranian and French legislations regarding air pollution control laws are reviewed. This study emphasizes the need for establishing and including civil and administrative penalties in the contemporary environmental law.

air pollution that began with the discovery of fire and increased by the spread of human communities then gradually emerged as a problem of the communities since the Industrial Revolution, continues to be a major harmful factor to human health and life and the environment. This is despite that the fight against air pollution began, in some cases, hundreds years ago, and in domestic legislation of some countries from nineteenth century and in most countries from the middle of twentieth century.In the second half of the twentieth century after the publication of results of researches on the effects of air pollution on human health and the environment, countries came to the conclusion that the fight against this problem will be possible only through international cooperation. The result of this consensus was several international conferences and treaties to protect the environment in general or specifically to fight against air pollution.The next important step in this regard was emergence of the concept of "the right to the environment" as a human right which began with the 1972 Stockholm Declaration. After the adoption of the Declaration, not only some human rights instruments set "the right to the environment" among other human rights and some environmental law instruments expressed the relationship between the environment and human rights, but also judicial and regulatory human rights bodies by giving environmental interpretation to the human rights, recognized "the right to the environment" as a derivative human right. In addition, some judicial and regulatory bodies outside the human rights systems have acknowledged the relationship between environmental protection and human rights. So, now there is not any doubt about "the right to clean air" as a component of "the right to the environment" as an autonomous human right or at least as a derivative human right.

According to article 50 of the constitution, environmental protection is a public duty, and all people and agencies are obligated to do so. One of the factors that threatens the environment is the phenomenon of haze that has affected many provinces of Iran in the past decade and today threatens the right to life of citizens and even many animal species. On the other hand, considering that many countries face this environmental risk, in addition to domestic actions, joint actions of countries should not be ignored. For this reason, in recent years, laws and agreements have been introduced at national, regional and international levels, but they have not been able to affect the management of haze phenomenon. In addition, measures must be taken within the country that prevent or minimize the penetration of haze phenomenon, These measures have been mentioned in laws such as the clean air Act, the Environmental Protection and Improvement Act, and the Executive Regulations on Combating the haze phenomenon, but unfortunately they have always faced challenges,Therefore, in this study, while emphasizing international actions, these challenges and limitations have been addressed and solutions have been proposed to eliminate them in order to manage haze phenomenon.

The purpose of this study was to determine evaluation of clean air from viewpoint of tile industry personnel at two pressing workplaces, in order to utilize the results for economic policy making of air pollution control.Total dust was measured on the basis of NIOSH Method 0500, showing dust concentration of 59.26 ±15.81 mg/m3 and 32.16±9.85 mg/m3 in the mentioned workplaces. The value of clean air was determined, using Contingent Evaluation Method from the viewpoint of 100 workers (50 workers in each workplace) as case group, and 100 administrative personnel as control group.The results demonstrated that, the average payments by workers are 77500 and 16700 Rials per person monthly in the case and control groups respectively.The workers were exposed to 3 options as: discount in payment of insurance premium and tax, causing an increase in partnership monthly payment in the case group: 39% and 55% respectively, and in the control group equivalent to 20% and 36% respectively. It is worth mentioning that, to pay loan to the workers did not indicate any significant difference between case and control groups partnerships.

Criminal protection of clean air is very important. In the same way, the legislator has always tried to reduce the legal defects as much as possible by benefiting from the experiences of other countries and enacting various laws in the field of environment. Also, in Iran's legal system, in addition to laws, many regulations and approvals have been implemented to protect the environment from destruction, most of which have criminalized environmentally destructive activities, that is, they have explained environmental crimes. However, the painful fact is that despite all the efforts of the legislature, executive and judiciary, the position of our country at the global level in terms of protecting the ecosystem and environmental positions has not been accepted. In this research, with the analytical-descriptive method and using library resources, the criminal protection of clean air and the challenges in this field have been analyzed and appropriate solutions have been presented.

After half a century from the first provisions on air pollution of Iranian cities in the Amendment of Some Provisions and Addendum of New Provisions to the Municipal Act of 1967 and on the basis of experiences gained from 22-year enforcement of the Prevention of air Pollution Act of 1995, the Iranian legislative and executive branches passed the clean air Act in 2017. Although the clean air Act contains many innovations and strengths, unfortunately, this Act has also some weaknesses and irregularities which failure to eliminate them would make its implementation hard and its success impossible. Some of the most important irregularities and weaknesses of this Act that will be examined in this paper include the following: reducing the speed of the detection of emergency situations of air pollution and taking necessary measures in these situations; conflicts and overlapping between some of its Provisions, underestimating the social, economic and political consequences of combating air pollution in some cases; failure to grant the general right of public interest litigation to the Department of Environment; numerous irregularities in criminal provisions, notably the lack of prediction of prompt judicial proceedings and non-use of imprisonment punishment, and finally; ambiguity in some Provisions of the said Act.

The present paper tries to take into account the polluter pays principle, to discuss challenges of civil liability of individuals under the clean air Act and to show how much this document, as a fundamental document in the air, suffers from deficiencies and gaps. Thus, the question has been answered: What is the challenges of implementing polluter pays principle in Iranian clean air Act 2017? Using descriptive-analytical method, these results are obtained, first; despite its long history and extensive jurisprudence and legal literature about the institution of ownership and property of jurisprudential principles, such as: principle of Non-Loss, but our legal and Jurisprudence traditions of immaterial property lacked a rich literature. The weakness, of course, was evident at the clean air Act which has failed because of the theoretical weakness and good legal mechanisms weakness about the public property. Secondly, to come over such a deficiency it seems that the foundation of the law needs to be reviewed concerning the concept of property (ownership and right) in the field of air. Thirdly, one cannot expect much from this Act, because the legislator discussed the phenomenon of public law (air) with the literature of private law.

Backgrounds and Objectives: Environmental activities unknown price and value caused establishing of some unique characteristics for mentioned commodities. One of these characteristics was existing gap between private and social cost and benefit. For assessing these activities different approaches include travel cost, willingness to pay and hedonic price had been suggested. According to Tehran’s air pollution problem, in this study Hedonic approach had was used for the assessment of healthy air on Tehran’s residential house price.Materials and Method: Hedonic approach is one of the methods that are used for evolution environmental goods. In this method, each good’s price is estimated as a functions of that good`s properties. To gather this study information 300 questionnaires has been collected by random sampling from different area of Tehran.Result: Results revealed that activities in order to reduce air pollutions, in addition to environmental value have economical value form the point of view of consumers. Also, results show that willingness to pay of every Tehran’s citizens for every square meter of house located in region with less pollution is between 1120 to 1350 thousands Rials.Conclusion: According to the obtained results can be said that, clean air as an environmental good from the viewpoint of consumers has economic value that can be calculated this value using methods such as Hedonic.